JLPT Grammar List
Every grammar point from N5 to N1, with how to form it and example sentences.
JLPT N2
173
| Verb ことなく | Means 'without doing', 'not doing', or 'without happening'. | |
| ～ところ | Show the stage of an action: about to start, in progress, or just finished; 'about to', 'in the middle of', 'just did'. | |
| ～とか | Used to list examples or express uncertainty; 'such as', 'like', 'or something like that'. | |
| ～たきり | Express 'since then' or 'after'; used to indicate that an action occurred once and has not been repeated or that a state has continued since a certain event or time. | |
| ～つつ | Shows two actions happening simultaneously or a contrast; 'while', 'although'. | |
| ～つつある | Expresses an ongoing process or gradual change. | |
| ～っこない | Expresses the impossibility or very low probability of something happening; 'no way', 'impossible'. | |
| ～ながら | Express doing two things simultaneously or at the same time. | |
| ～がち | Express a tendency for something, usually undesirable, to happen easily or often; 'tend to', 'be prone to'. | |
| ～のももっともだ | Express that something is understandable or reasonable. | |
| ～ばかりだ | Expresses that a change keeps going in one direction, usually a bad one; 'keeps getting ~', 'just keeps ~ing'. | |
| ～ばかりか〜も | Expresses 'not only... but also'; emphasizing the extent of something. | |
| ～ばかりに | Express an undesired situation or result caused by something; 'simply because', 'due to', 'on account of'. | |
| ～まで～て | Going to an extreme to do something; 'go so far as to', 'even to the point of'. | |
| ～まい | Express a negative conjecture or determination; 'probably not' or 'I will not'. | |
| ～か～ないかのうちに | Expresses an action that occurs immediately after another action; 'as soon as', 'no sooner than', 'the moment'. | |
| ～たかと思ったら | Express a sequence of events happening in quick succession; 'as soon as', 'no sooner than'. | |
| ～ままに | Doing something just as something leads, without resisting; 'as', 'just as told', 'wherever it takes you'. | |
| ～に関わって | Being involved in or connected with something; 'involved in', 'in connection with'. | |
| ～にかかわらず | Regardless of; irrespective of; (often used as) 'whether or not'. | |
| ～にもかかわらず | Expresses 'despite', 'in spite of' or 'even though'. | |
| ～に基づいて | Show the standard or grounds behind an action or judgment; 'based on', 'on the basis of'. | |
| ～により | Indicates the reason, method, or means by which something happens; 'by', 'through', 'due to'. | |
| ～に応じて | In accordance with, depending on, in response to. | |
| ～に応えて | Responding to; living up to; meeting. | |
| ～にあたり | Mark an important, usually one-time occasion that is just ahead, formally; 'upon', 'on the occasion of', 'when about to'. | |
| ～に際して | Used to express the moment or the occasion of an action; 'at the time of', 'upon', 'when'. | |
| Verb ないことには Verb ない | Express that something cannot be done without meeting a certain condition. | |
| ～にかけては | Indicates a specific area or aspect in which someone or something excels. | |
| ～にしたら | Express how another person or group likely feels or thinks; 'from X's point of view', 'for X'. | |
| ～にしたがって | Expresses a natural consequence or a change that occurs according to something else; 'as', 'with', 'in accordance with'. | |
| ～につれて | Expresses the idea that as one thing changes, so does another; 'as', 'along with', 'while'. | |
| ～にともなって | Expresses 'along with' or 'as a result of'; indicates that one event occurs along with another. | |
| ～にわたって | Indicates a range or extent; 'over', 'throughout', 'across'. | |
| ～に沿って | Express moving along something long, or acting in line with a plan or rule; 'along', 'in accordance with', 'following'. | |
| ～に限り | Expresses limitation; 'only', 'limited to', 'exclusive to'. | |
| ～に反して | Express that a result is the opposite of an expectation, or goes against a wish or rule; 'contrary to', 'against'. | |
| ～に過ぎない | Expresses that something is 'just' or 'nothing more than'; 'merely', 'only', 'simply'. | |
| ～にしろ～にしろ | Expresses 'either way', 'in any case', 'be it...', used when presenting two alternatives. | |
| ～につけ～につけ | Expresses 'whenever', 'each time', 'whether...or'. | |
| ～にほかならない | Express that something is 'nothing but' or 'none other than'. | |
| ～に決まっている | Express certainty; 'it is obvious', 'it must be', 'no doubt'. | |
| ～かける | Express an action that has started but is not finished, or something about to happen; 'half-done', 'start to', 'almost'. | |
| ～切る | To do something completely or thoroughly. | |
| ～際に | Means 'when', 'while', or 'on the occasion of' a certain event or situation. | |
| ～てはならない | Express prohibition; 'must not', 'cannot', 'should not'. | |
| ～てこそ | Stress that a condition is necessary to reach a good result; 'only when', 'only by', 'only after'. | |
| ～てからでないと | Indicates that something cannot be done before a certain action is completed; 'not until', 'only after'. | |
| ～てかなわない | Expresses that something cannot be endured, tolerated, or is unbearable. | |
| ～ていられない | Expresses that one cannot afford to do something; 'can't keep on', 'unable to continue'. |
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