Every Japanese verb belongs to one of three groups. The group gives you the single rule to conjugate it, so learning the group is just as important as learning the verb itself.
する and 来る are fully irregular. 行く and ある each have one exception.
→ Memorize each form separately.
Ends in いる or える. Drop る, then add any ending.
All other verbs. The last sound shifts depending on the ending.
All N5 verbs by topic
る = る-verb う = う-verb ★ = special
Going & Coming
| 行く | いく | to go | ★ |
| 来る | くる | to come | ★ |
| 帰る | かえる | to go home, to return | う |
| 出る | でる | to leave, to exit | る |
| 出掛ける | でかける | to go out, to head out | る |
| 入る | はいる | to enter, to go in | う |
| 乗る | のる | to ride, to get on (train, bus…) | う |
| 降りる | おりる | to get off, to get out | る |
| 着く | つく | to arrive | う |
| 渡る | わたる | to cross (a road, bridge…) | う |
Moving & Exercise
| 歩く | あるく | to walk | う |
| 走る | はしる | to run | う |
| 泳ぐ | およぐ | to swim | う |
| 立つ | たつ | to stand up | う |
| 座る | すわる | to sit down | う |
| 飛ぶ | とぶ | to fly, to jump | う |
Daily Routines
| 起きる | おきる | to wake up, to get up | る |
| 寝る | ねる | to sleep, to go to bed | る |
| 着る | きる | to wear (clothing) | る |
| 脱ぐ | ぬぐ | to take off (clothes) | う |
| 浴びる | あびる | to take a shower, to bathe | る |
| 洗う | あらう | to wash | う |
| 磨く | みがく | to brush (teeth), to polish | う |
| 休む | やすむ | to rest, to take a day off | う |
Eating & Drinking
| 食べる | たべる | to eat | る |
| 飲む | のむ | to drink, to swallow | う |
Talking & Listening
| 話す | はなす | to speak, to talk | う |
| 言う | いう | to say, to tell | う |
| 聞く | きく | to hear, to listen, to ask | う |
| 答える | こたえる | to answer, to reply | る |
| 呼ぶ | よぶ | to call out (to someone) | う |
Studying & Learning
| 見る | みる | to see, to watch, to look at | る |
| 読む | よむ | to read | う |
| 書く | かく | to write | う |
| 教える | おしえる | to teach, to tell | る |
| 覚える | おぼえる | to memorize, to remember | る |
| 忘れる | わすれる | to forget | る |
| 習う | ならう | to learn (from a teacher) | う |
| 見せる | みせる | to show | る |
| 借りる | かりる | to borrow | る |
| 貸す | かす | to lend | う |
Living & Working
| 住む | すむ | to live, to reside | う |
| 働く | はたらく | to work | う |
| 会う | あう | to meet, to see (a person) | う |
| 遊ぶ | あそぶ | to play, to hang out | う |
| 待つ | まつ | to wait | う |
| 歌う | うたう | to sing | う |
| 頼む | たのむ | to ask, to request | う |
Handling Things
| 買う | かう | to buy | う |
| 売る | うる | to sell | う |
| 使う | つかう | to use | う |
| 持つ | もつ | to hold, to have, to carry | う |
| 取る | とる | to take, to pick up | う |
| 撮る | とる | to take (a photo) | う |
| 作る | つくる | to make, to cook, to build | う |
| 置く | おく | to put, to place | う |
| 切る | きる | to cut | う |
| 出す | だす | to take out, to hand in | う |
| 返す | かえす | to return (something) | う |
| 渡す | わたす | to hand over, to pass | う |
| 押す | おす | to push, to press | う |
| 開ける | あける | to open (something) | る |
| 閉める | しめる | to close (something) | る |
| 入れる | いれる | to put in, to insert | る |
| 付ける | つける | to attach, to turn on | る |
States & Changes
| ある | ある | to be, to exist (things) | ★ |
| 居る | いる | to be, to exist (people & animals) | る |
| 分かる | わかる | to understand | う |
| 知る | しる | to know | う |
| 出来る | できる | to be able to, can | る |
| 疲れる | つかれる | to get tired | る |
| 始める | はじめる | to start (something) | る |
| 始まる | はじまる | to start (by itself) | う |
| 終わる | おわる | to finish, to end | う |
| 開く | あく | to open (by itself) | う |
| 閉まる | しまる | to close (by itself) | う |
| 止まる | とまる | to stop (moving) | う |
| 消える | きえる | to disappear, to go out | る |
| 晴れる | はれる | to clear up (weather) | る |
| 降る | ふる | to fall (rain, snow) | う |
| 生まれる | うまれる | to be born | る |
| 死ぬ | しぬ | to die | う |
Watch out: these う-verbs end in る
They look exactly like る-verbs, but they are NOT. They follow う-verb rules.
Tip: if the sound before る is not い or え, it is always an う-verb.
Conjugation at a glance
る る-verb: drop る, then add the ending
て-form
食べて
ない-form
食べない
ます-form
食べます
た-form
食べた
う う-verb: last sound changes by ending
て-form pattern
う / つ / る → って 買う→買って
く → いて 書く→書いて
ぐ → いで 泳ぐ→泳いで
す → して 話す→話して
む / ぶ / ぬ → んで 飲む→飲んで
ない-form: change to あ-row
書く → 書かない
飲む → 飲まない
帰る → 帰らない
買う → 買わない ⚠️ う→わ
★ Special: memorize these
する
して
しない
来る
きて
こない
行く
いって ⚠️
いかない
ある
あって
ない ⚠️